División ganglionar posquirúrgica y su efecto en el recuento ganglionar y la estadificación en pacientes con cáncer gástrico / Postoperative lymph node division and its effect on lymph node count and staging in patients with gastric cancer

Introducción. La gastrectomía y disección ganglionar es el estándar de manejo para los pacientes con cáncer gástrico. Factores como la identificación de ganglios por el patólogo, pueden tener un impacto negativo en la estadificación y el tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el recuento ganglionar de un espécimen quirúrgico después de una gastrectomía completa (grupo A) y de un espécimen con un fraccionamiento por grupos ganglionares (grupo B). Métodos. Estudio de una base de datos retrospectiva de pacientes sometidos a gastrectomía D2 en el Servicio de Cirugía gastrointestinal de la Liga Contra el Cáncer seccional Risaralda, Pereira, Colombia. Se comparó el recuento ganglionar en especímenes quirúrgicos con y sin división ganglionar por regiones anatómicas previo a su envío a patología. Resultados. De los 94 pacientes intervenidos, 65 pertenecían al grupo A y 29 pacientes al grupo B. El promedio de ganglios fue de 24,4±8,6 y 32,4±14,4 respectivamente (p=0,004). El porcentaje de pacientes con más de 15 y de 25 ganglios fue menor en el grupo A que en el grupo B (27 vs 57, p=0,432 y 19 vs 24, p=0,014). El promedio de pacientes con una relación ganglionar menor 0,2 fue mayor en el grupo B (72,4 % vs 55,4 %, p=0,119). Conclusiones. Los resultados de nuestro estudio mostraron que una división por grupos ganglionares previo a la valoración del espécimen por el servicio de patología incrementa el recuento ganglionar y permite establecer de manera certera el pronóstico de los pacientes, teniendo un impacto positivo en su estadificación, para evitar el sobretratamiento

Introduction. A gastrectomy and lymph node dissection is the standard of management for patients with gastric cancer. Factors such as the identification of nodes by the pathologist can have a negative impact on staging and treatment. The objective of this study was to compare the lymph node count of a surgical specimen after a complete gastrectomy (group A) and of a specimen with lymph node by groups (group B). Methods. Study of a retrospective database of patients undergoing D2 gastrectomy in the Risaralda section of the Liga Contra el Cancer Gastrointestinal surgical service, Pereira, Colombia. The lymph node count was compared in surgical specimens with and without lymph node division by anatomical regions, prior to sending them to pathology. Results. Of the 94 patients who underwent surgery, 65 were from group A and 29 patients were from group B. The average number of nodes was 24.4±8.6 and 32.4±14.4, respectively (p=0.004). The percentage of patients with more than 15 and 25 nodes was lower in group A than in group B (27 vs 57, p=0.432 and 19 vs 24, p=0.014). The average number of patients with a nodal ratio less than 0.2 was higher in group B (72.4% vs 55.4%, p=0.119). Conclusions. The results of our study showed that a division by lymph node groups prior to the evaluation of the specimen by the pathology service increases the lymph node count and allows the prognosis of patients to be accurately established, having a positive impact on their staging, to avoid overtreatment.

Influência da terapia neoadjuvante na razão de linfonodos / Influence of neoadjuvant therapy on the ratio of lymph nodes

ABSTRACT Background: To evaluate the relationship between the ratio of affected lymph nodes (LNR) and clinical and anatomopathological variables in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma submitted or not to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Methods: The LNR was determined by dividing the number of compromised LNR by the total number of LNR dissected in the surgical specimen. Patients were divided into two groups: with QRT and without QRT. In each group, the relationship between LNR and the following variables was evaluated: degree of cell differentiation, depth of invasion in the rectal wall, angiolymphatic /perineural invasion, degree of tumor regression and occurrence of metastases. The LNR was evaluated in patients with more than 1, LNR (LNR >12) or less (LNR<12) in the surgical specimen with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The results were expressed as the mean with the respective standard deviation. Qualitative variables were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, while quantitative variables were analyzed using the Kruskal -Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The significance level was 5%. Results: We evaluated 282 patients with QRT and 114 without QRT, between 1995-2011. In the QRT Group, LNR showed a significant association with mucinous tumors (P=0.007) and degree of tumor regression (P=0.003). In both groups, LNR was associated with poorly differentiated tumors (P=0.001, P=0.02), presence of angiolymphatic invasion (P<0.0001 and P=0.01), perineural (P=0.0007, P=0.02), degree of rectal wall invasion (T3>T2; P<0.0001, P=0.02); Compromised LNR (P<0.0001, P<0.01), metastases (P<0.0001, P<0.01). In patients with QRT, LNR<12 was associated with DFS (5.889; 95%CI1.935-19.687; P=0.018) and LNR>12 with DFS and OS (17.984; 95%CI5.931-54.351; P<0.001 and 10.286; 95%CI 2.654-39.854; P=0.007, respectively). Conclusion: LNR was associated with histological aspects of poor prognosis, regardless of the use of QRT. In the occurrence of less than 12 evaluated LNR, the LNR was associated only with the DFS.

RESUMO Contexto: Avaliar a relação entre a razão de linfonodos (RLA) acometidos e variáveis clínicas e anatomopatológicas em portadores de adenocarcinoma de reto submetidos ou não à quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante. Métodos: A RLA foi determinada dividindo-se o número total de linfonodos (LFNs) dissecados no espécime cirúrgico pelo número de comprometidos. Os doentes foram divididos em dois grupos: com QRT e sem QRT. Em cada grupo foi avaliada a relação entre a RLA e as seguintes variáveis: grau de diferenciação celular, profundidade de invasão na parede retal, invasão angiolinfática/perineural, grau de regressão tumoral e ocorrência de metástases. Avaliou-se a RLA em pacientes com mais do que 12 LFNs (RLA>12) ou menos (RLA<12) na peça cirúrgica com a sobrevida global (SG) e sobrevida livre de doença (SLD). Os resultados foram expressos pela média com o respectivo desvio padrão. As variáveis qualitativas foram analisadas utilizando-se o teste exato de Fisher, enquanto as quantitativas pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: Foram avaliados 282 pacientes com QRT e 114 sem QRT, entre 1995-2011. No Grupo QRT, RLA mostrou associação significativa com os tumores mucinosos (P=0,007) e grau de regressão tumoral (P=0,003). Nos dois grupos, a RLA associou-se com tumores pouco diferenciados (P=0,001 e P=0,02), presença de invasão angiolinfática (P<0,0001 e P=0,01), perineural (P=0,0007 e P=0,02), grau de invasão da parede retal (T3>T2; P<0,0001 e P=0,02); LFNs comprometidos (P<0,0001 e P<0,01), metástases (P<0,0001 e P<0,01). Nos pacientes com QRT, a RLA <12 associou-se com a SLD (5,889; IC95%1,935-19,687; P=0,018) e a RLA >12 com SLD e SG (17,984; IC95%5,931-54,351; P<0,001 e 10,286; IC95%2,654-39,854; P=0,007, respectivamente). Conclusão: A RLA associou-se a aspectos histológicos de mau prognóstico, independentemente do emprego de QRT. Na ocorrência de menos de 12 LFNs avaliados, a RLA associou-se apenas com a SLD.

Log odds of positive nodes as a prognostic factor for rectal cancer: a retrospective study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Rectal cancer is an important cause of mortality and morbidity globally. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the log odds of positive nodes system is a better indicator than tumor node metastasis and lymph node ratio systems to determine rectum cancer prognosis, which is an important cause of mortality and morbidity globally. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the medical records of patients with rectum adenocarcinoma followed at Gazi University Hospital. The clinicopathological data of 128 patients with rectum adenocarcinoma who underwent low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection between January 2010 and December 2018 was retrospectively reviewed. Patients with rectum adenocarcinoma as the first and only primary diagnosis, which was confirmed by histopathological examination, than those who had undergone complete curative resection via low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection were included. Those with familial adenomatous polyposis or Lynch syndrome, those under 18 years of age, with a synchronous tumor, peritoneal spread, or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, and those with <12 lymph nodes dissected from the resection material were excluded from the study. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, age, perineural invasion, tumor node metastasis stage, lymph node ratio stage, and log odds of positive nodes stage were found to be independent prognostic factors (p<0.05). LODDS2 patients' mortality rates were 9.495 times higher than LODDS0 patients [hazard ratio=9.495, (95%CI 4.155-21.694), p<0.001] while LNR2 stage patients' mortality rates were 7.016 times higher than LNR0 stage patients [hazard ratio=7.016, (95%CI 3.123-15.765), p<0.001] and N2 stage patients had a 5.135 times higher risk of mortality than those who were in N0 stage [hazard ratio=5.135 (95%CI 2.451-10.756), p<0.001]. CONCLUSION: Log odds of positive nodes is a more valuable prognostic factor for rectal cancer patients than tumor node metastasis and lymph node ratio systems to determine rectum cancer prognosis.

A predictive model of lymph node metastasis after thoracoscopic surgery for lung adenocarcinoma with a diameter≤3 cm / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To predict the probability of lymph node metastasis after thoracoscopic surgery in patients with lung adenocarcinoma based on nomogram. Methods    We analyzed the clinical data of the patients with lung adenocarcinoma treated in the department of thoracic surgery of our hospital from June 2018 to May 2021. The patients were randomly divided into a training group and a validation group. The variables that may affect the lymph node metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma were screened out by univariate logistic regression, and then the clinical prediction model was constructed by multivariate logistic regression. The nomogram was used to show the model visually, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and clinical decision curve to evaluate the calibration degree and practicability of the model. Results    Finally 249 patients were collected, including 117 males aged 53.15±13.95 years and 132 females aged 47.36±13.10 years. There were 180 patients in the training group, and 69 patients in the validation group. There was a significant correlation between the 6 clinicopathological characteristics and lymph node metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma in the univariate logistic regression. The area under the ROC curve in the training group was 0.863, suggesting the ability to distinguish lymph node metastasis, which was confirmed in the validation group (area under the ROC curve was 0.847). The nomogram and clinical decision curve also performed well in the follow-up analysis, which proved its potential clinical value. Conclusion    This study provides a nomogram combined with clinicopathological characteristics, which can be used to predict the risk of lymph node metastasis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with a diameter≤3 cm.

Enfermedad de Castleman. Reporte de un caso

Fundamento: La enfermedad de Castleman es un proceso poco común y se caracteriza por la proliferación de linfocitos no clonales. Objetivo: Describir la presentación clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento de un paciente con enfermedad de Castleman. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 53 años de edad, color de la piel blanca, que acudió al servicio de cirugía por presentar una masa en región abdominal. Con la administración de anestesia general se realizó exéresis de la lesión y se diagnosticó por el departamento de Anatomía Patológica una enfermedad de Castleman unicéntrica variedad hialino vascular. Conclusiones: La enfermedad de Castleman es poco frecuente, su sintomatología y tratamiento varían según la presentación clínica; y el diagnóstico definitivo se obtiene del análisis de la biopsia de un ganglio afectado.

Background: Castleman disease is an uncommon process and is characterized by the non-clonal lymphocyte proliferation. Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment in a patient with Castleman disease. Case presentation: 53 years old male patient, fair skin color, who attended to the surgery service for presenting a mass in the abdominal region. With the general anesthesia administration, the lesion was excised and an unicentric Castleman disease was diagnosed by the Pathological Anatomy department, hyaline vascular variety. Conclusions: Castleman disease is not frequent, its symptomatology and treatment vary according to the clinical presentation; and the definitive diagnosis is obtained by a biopsy analysis of an affected ganglion.

Enfermedad de Kawasaki. Presentación atípica en un paciente pediátrico

La enfermedad de Kawasaki es un síndrome mucocutáneo caracterizado por vasculitis, que afecta medianos vasos; su principal manifestación es un síndrome febril agudo de, al menos, cinco días de duración y en muchas ocasiones de etiología desconocida. Se aprecia, fundamentalmente, en niños menores de cinco años de edad. Se considera que es frecuente, pero existen subregistros. Se caracteriza por tener dos formas de presentación: típica o atípica. Se presenta el caso clínico de un niño que fue hospitalizado debido a síndrome febril agudo asociado a malestar general e irritabilidad. Al examen físico se observaron edemas discretos en manos y pies así como erupción cutánea, no hepatomegalia ni alteraciones oculares. Teniendo en cuenta la epidemiología, lo atípico del cuadro clínico y los resultados de estudios hemoquímicos, se concluyó el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Kawasaki atípica. Se impuso tratamiento específico y se logró una evolución satisfactoria y la no aparición de complicaciones inmediatas. Esta entidad nosológica requiere de una adecuada valoración clínica-epidemiológica de los pacientes, así como de un minucioso examen físico y un diagnóstico precoz para lograr la evolución favorable de los pacientes y la no presencia de secuelas cardiacas, que pondrían en peligro la vida del paciente y/o su calidad de vida futura.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a mucocutaneous syndrome characterized by vasculitis that affects medium vessels; its main manifestation is an acute febrile syndrome lasting at least five days and often of unknown etiology. It appears mainly in children under five years of age, it is considered to be frequent, but there are underreportings. It is characterized by having two presentation forms: typical or atypical. The clinical case of a child who was hospitalized due to acute febrile syndrome associated with malaise and irritability is presented. The physical examination revealed discrete edema in the hands and feet as well as a rash, no hepatomegaly or ocular alterations. Taking into account the epidemiology, the atypical clinical picture and the results of hemochemical studies, the diagnosis of atypical Kawasaki disease was concluded. Specific treatment was imposed and a satisfactory evolution was achieved with no immediate complications. This nosological entity requires an adequate clinical-epidemiological evaluation of the patients, as well as a meticulous physical examination and an early diagnosis to achieve a favorable patients' evolution and the absence of cardiac sequelae, which would endanger the patients' life and/or their future quality of life.

Estadificación quirúrgica del cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas: ¿cuándo deberíamos realizar de rutina la resección de los ganglios supraclaviculares? / Surgical staging of non-small cell lung carcinoma: when should we routinely resect supraclavicular lymph nodes?

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la evaluación precisa del estadio del carcinoma pulmonar luego del diagnóstico es esencial para la selección de una terapia apropiada. Objetivo: describir las características de los pacientes con carcinoma de pulmón de células no pequeñas en los cuales la resección ganglionar supraclavicular permitiría detectar metástasis ganglionares no palpables (N3-supraclavicular). Material y métodos: entre diciembre de 2016 y diciembre de 2019 se registraron los datos de pacientes a quienes se les realizó estadificación quirúrgica mediastinal para cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas mediante mediastinoscopia cervical y resección de los ganglios supraclaviculares. Resultados: fueron incluidos 60 pacientes, (hombres 76,7%). La media tumoral fue de 4,7 cm y la de estaciones ganglionares evaluadas fue de 2,37 ± 1,44 (DS). En todos se realizó la resección ganglionar supraclavicular y el resultado fue positivo para malignidad epitelial en 21 casos (35%). De los 21 casos N3-supraclavicular, 2 pacientes se registraron como skip metástasis; el resto se asoció a enfermedad mediastinal N2 (p=0,0424). Se observó una asociación significativa entre le presencia de tumor central y de N3-supraclavicular (p=0,0148). Conclusión: se sugiere realizar la resección ganglionar supraclavicular en pacientes con sospecha o confirmación de enfermedad ganglionar N2 y tumores centrales, antes de considerar un enfoque terapéutico multimodal que incluya la cirugía.

ABSTRACT Background: Accurate staging after the diagnosis of lung carcinoma is essential to select an appropriate therapy. Objective: The aim of the present study is to describe the characteristics of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma in whom supraclavicular lymph node resection would detect non-palpable (N3 supraclavicular disease) lymph node metastases. Material and methods: Data from patients undergoing mediastinal surgical staging for non-small cell lung cancer using cervical mediastinoscopy and resection of supraclavicular lymph nodes were collected between December 2016 and December 2019. Results: A total of 60 patients were included; 76.6% were men. Mean tumor size was 4.7 cm ad mean lymph node stations evaluated by mediastinoscopy was 2.37 ± 1.44 (SD). All the patients underwent supraclavicular lymph node resection and the result was positive for epithelial carcinoma in 21 cases (35%). Of the 21 cases with N3 supraclavicular disease, 2 patients were recorded as skip metastases and the remaining cases were association with mediastinal N2 disease (p = 0.0424). There was a significant association between central tumor and N3 supraclavicular disease (p = 0.0148). Conclusion: Supraclavicular lymph node resection may be recommended in patients with suspected or confirmed N2 lymph node disease and central tumors, before considering a multimodal therapeutic approach including surgery.

Biopsia ganglionar retroperitoneal por laparoscopia

Introducción: La biopsia ganglionar retroperitoneal es un procedimiento frecuentemente requerido en el estudio de neoplasias; resulta deseable optimizar su rendimiento con baja morbilidad. Este artículo describe la utilidad y complicaciones de biopsias ganglionares retroperitoneales por laparoscopia en una institución oncológica de Latinoamérica. Material y Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con biopsia ganglionar retroperitoneal o mesentérica laparoscópica entre 2011 y 2021 en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, en Bogotá, Colombia. Se recogieron datos demográficos, quirúrgicos, complicaciones y mortalidad a 30 días, resultados histopatológicos y su rol en la clínica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 41 pacientes; 73% con diagnóstico de malignidad, principalmente linfoma. La indicación fue mayormente sospecha de recaída, seguida por sospecha de enfermedad hematológica de novo. Siempre se obtuvo tejido adecuado y suficiente para diagnóstico histológico. Requirieron conversión a laparotomía cinco pacientes (12%). No hubo complicaciones Clavien-Dindo III /IV ni mortalidad a 30 días. Se presentó morbilidad grado I o II en 3 casos (7%) y un incidente intraoperatorio grado III. Conclusión: La naturaleza invasiva y el carácter diagnóstico de la biopsia retroperitoneal laparoscópica, constituyen un desafío frecuente en la práctica del cirujano general. La planeación estratégica e individualizada y la técnica quirúrgica depurada son las claves para lograr el máximo rendimiento, con baja morbimortalidad.

Introduction: Retroperitoneal lymph node biopsy is a frequently required procedure in the study of neoplasms; it is desirable to optimize its performance with low morbidity. This paper describes the usefulness and complications of retroperitoneal lymph node biopsies by laparoscopy in a cancer institution in Latin America. Material and Methods: Retrospective cohort of patients with laparoscopic retroperitoneal or mesenteric lymph node biopsy between 2011 and 2021 at the National Cancer Institute, in Bogotá, Colombia. Demographic and surgical data, complications and 30-day mortality, histopathological results and their clinical role were collected. Results: 41 patients were included; 73% diagnosed with malignancy, mainly lymphoma. The indication was mostly suspected relapse, followed by suspected de novo hematologic disease. Adequate and sufficient tissue was always obtained for histological diagnosis. Five patients (12%) required conversion to laparotomy. There were no Clavien-Dindo III/IV complications or 30-day mortality. Grade I or II morbidity occurred in 3 cases (7%) and a grade III intraoperative incident. Conclusion: The invasive nature and diagnostic character of laparoscopic retroperitoneal biopsy constitute a frequent challenge in the practice of the general surgeon. Strategic and individualized planning and a refined surgical technique are the keys to achieving maximum performance, with low morbidity and mortality.

Carcinoma sebáceo, 6 años de experiencia en el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer

Objetivo: El carcinoma sebáceo (CS) es una neoplasia infrecuente, de la cual no existen reportes nacionales, ni guías de manejo en Chile. El Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (INC) es un centro de referencia nacional en el manejo de patologías oncológicas; el objetivo de este trabajo es describir la experiencia y tratamiento del carcinoma sebáceo en nuestro centro. Material y Método: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva, descriptiva, de fichas clínicas entre marzo de 2016 y marzo de 2022 en el INC, en las cuales la biopsia definitiva fuese confirmatoria de CS. Resultados: Se reclutaron 10 pacientes, 6 hombres (60%) y 4 mujeres. Edad promedio fue de 62,9 años ± 18,7 DS. En el 80% de los casos el tumor se encontró en cabeza y cuello y solo 2 casos fueron CS ocular (20%). 4 pacientes tenían asociación al Síndrome de Muir-Torre (SMT) (40%), en el 100% de la muestra se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico con resección oncológica y control de márgenes intraoperatorio, utilizándose en solo 3 casos la técnica Cirugía Micrográfica de Mohs (MMS). En 4 pacientes (40%) se realizó biopsia de linfonodo centinela (BLNC), de los cuales ninguno resulto positivo para metástasis. Ningún paciente presento recidiva local, después de la cirugía y no hubo casos de mortalidad a causa de CS. Ningún paciente recibió radioterapia, quimioterapia o inmunoterapia adyuvante, solo 1 paciente recibió braquiterapia (BT) adyuvante. Conclusión: El CS es una patología compleja e infrecuente, que requiere un tratamiento multidisciplinario y cuyo pilar es la cirugía.

Objective: Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is an infrequent neoplasm, without national reports nor management guidelines in Chile. National Cancer Institute (NCI) is a reference center for this kind of disease. The aim of this research is to describe the experience and treatment of the sebaceous carcinoma in our center. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive review of clinical records was performed, between March 2016 and March 2022 at the INC, in which the definitive biopsy was confirmatory of CS. Results: A total of 10 patients were enrolled; 6 male (60%) and 4 women. The mean age was 62.9 years ± 18.7 (SD). 80% of the cases were located at the head or the cervical area and only 2 cases were found in the ocular region (20%). Association with SMT (40%) was found in 4 patients. Surgical treatment with oncological resection and intraoperative assessment of margins was performed in 100% of the cases, using MMS technique. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (BLNC) was performed in 4 patients (40%), of which none had metastasis. No patient presented local recurrence after surgery and there were no cases of mortality due to CS. No patient received radiotherapy, chemotherapy or adjuvant immunotherapy. Just 1 received adjuvant brachytherapy. Conclusion: SC is a complex and infrequent disease, which requires multidisciplinary treatment mainly with surgery.

Validación de técnica de ganglio centinela en cáncer de endometrio en el Hospital de Talca / Validation of sentinel lymph node technique in endometrial cancer at the Hospital de Talca

Objetivo: Validar la técnica de ganglio centinela utilizando verde de indocianina en la estadificación del cáncer de endometrio. Método: Realizamos un estudio prospectivo entre enero y diciembre de 2021. Se incluyeron todas las pacientes portadoras de cáncer de endometrio clínicamente en etapa 1, de todos los grados de diferenciación e histologías. Todas las pacientes fueron sometidas a una estadificación laparoscópica. Se inició el procedimiento con identificación de ganglio centinela utilizando verde de indocianina. Posteriormente, se completó la cirugía de estadiaje estándar en todas las pacientes. Los ganglios centinelas fueron procesados con técnica de ultraestadiaje. Resultados: Se incluyeron 33 pacientes. El 81% presentaron histología endometrioide. El 100% fueron sometida además a una linfadenectomía pelviana estándar y el 20% a una linfadenectomía paraaórtica simultáneamente. Se detectó al menos un ganglio centinela en el 100% de los casos. La detección bilateral ocurrió en el 90,9%. La localización más frecuente fue la fosa obturatriz y la arteria hipogástrica. Obtuvimos una sensibilidad del 90% para detectar enfermedad ganglionar y un valor predictivo negativo del 95,8%. Conclusiones: La técnica de ganglio centinela utilizando verde de indocianina es replicable. Los resultados de nuestra serie nos permiten realizar procedimientos menos agresivos al estadificar el cáncer de endometrio.

Objective: To validate sentinel node mapping using indocyanine green in endometrial cancer staging. Method: A prospective study was conducted between January and December 2021. All patients with clinically stage 1 endometrial cancer, of all grades and histologies were included. All patients underwent laparoscopic staging. The procedure began with identification of the sentinel node using indocyanine green. Subsequently, standard staging surgery was completed in all patients. Sentinel nodes were processed using ultrastaging technique. Results: Thirty-three patients were enrolled. 81% of cases had endometrioid histology. All patients also underwent a standard pelvic lymphadenectomy and in 20% of cases a para-aortic lymphadenectomy. At least one sentinel node was detected in 100% of the cases. Bilateral detection occurred in 90.9%. The most frequent location was obturator fossa and hypogastric artery. Sensitivity to detect lymph node disease was 90% and negative predictive value 95.8%. Conclusions: Sentinel lymph node mapping using indocyanine green is a replicable technique. Our results allows us to perform less aggressive procedures in endometrial cancer staging.

Current management of patients with cutaneous melanoma with a positive sentinel lymph node / Tratamiento actual de pacientes con melanoma cutáneo y ganglio centinela positivo

Abstract Introduction : Immediate completion lymph node dissection (CLND) performed in patients with a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) cutaneous melanoma is not associated with improved melanoma specific survival versus active surveillance (AS) using nodal ul trasound. Clinical practice experience and outcomes of AS and adjuvant therapy is now starting to be published in literature. Methods : Retrospective analysis of patients with a positive-SLNB between June/2017-February/2022. Impact of management on any-site recurrence free survival (RFS), isolated nodal recurrence (INR), distant metasta sis-free survival (DMFS) and melanoma-specific survival (MSS) was evaluated. Results : From 126 SLNB, 31 (24.6%) were positive: 24 received AS and 7 CLND. Twenty-one (68%) received ad juvant therapy (AS, 67% and CLND, 71%). With a median follow-up of 18 months, 10 patients developed recur rent disease with an estimated 2-yr RFS of 73% (CI95%, 0.55-0.86) (30% in AS group vs. 43% in dissection group; P = 0.65). Four died of melanoma with an estimated 2-yr MSS of 82% (CI 95%, 0.63-0.92) and no differences between AS and CLND groups (P = 0.21). Estimated 2-yr DMFS of the whole cohort was 76% (CI 95%, 0.57-0.88) with no differences between groups (P = 0.33). Conclusion : Active surveillance strategy has been adopted for most positive-SLNB cutaneous melanoma patients. Adjuvant therapy without immediate CLND was delivered in nearly 70% of patients. Our results align with outcomes of randomized control trials and previous real-world data.

Resumen Introducción : La linfadenectomía inmediata (LI) re alizada en pacientes con biopsia de ganglio centinela (BGC) positivo por melanoma cutáneo no está asociada a mejoría en la supervivencia libre de enfermedad vs. vigilancia activa (VA). Resultados oncológicos y experi encia en la práctica clínica con dicha conducta asociados a tratamiento adyuvante comienzan a ser publicados en la literatura. Métodos : Análisis retrospectivo incluyendo paci entes con BGC-positiva por melanoma cutáneo entre junio/2017-febrero/2022. Se evaluó impacto del manejo en: supervivencia libre de recurrencia (SLR), recurren cia ganglionar aislada (RGA), supervivencia libre de metástasis a distancia (SLMD) y supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE). Resultados : De 126 pacientes, 31 (24.6%) fueron positi vos: en 24 se realizó VA y en 7 LI. Veintiún pacientes (68%) recibieron tratamiento adyuvante (VA, 67% y LI, 71%). Con una media de seguimiento de 18 meses, 10 pacientes presentaron recurrencia de la enfermedad con una SLR estimada a 2 años del 73% (CI95%, 0.55-0.86) (30% en VA vs. 43% en LI; P = 0.65). Cuatro murieron de melanoma con una SLE a 2 años del 82% (CI 95%, 0.63-0.92); sin diferencia entre ambos grupos (P = 0.21). La SLMD a 2 años de toda la cohorte fue de 76% (CI 95%, 0.57-0.88; P = 0.33). Conclusión : La vigilancia activa se ha adoptado como conducta para la mayoría de los pacientes con BGC-positivo. El tratamiento adyuvante sin linfadenectomía inmediata se realizó en cerca del 70% de nuestra serie. Los resultados de nuestra serie son similares a los re portados en la literatura.

Leukemic gingival enlargement- A case report and review

Oral signs are an early indicator for a variety of systemic diseases. Gingival enlargement can be due to local factors, certain medications, hormonal changes, and malignant diseases. Leukemia is a malignancy characterized by the proliferation of abnormal white blood cells within the bone marrow; oral changes may be the first and only presenting feature in these patients, making it imperative for dental surgeons to make accurate diagnosis and timely referral to prevent a fatal situation. This article aims to discuss a case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that came with the chief complaint of swollen gums for 2-month duration. The case was provisionally diagnosed as a leukemic gingival enlargement on the basis of oral manifestation and lymph node examination. Accurate diagnosis and early initiation of chemotherapy for leukemic gingival enlargement can improve the prognosis of the patient and also helps in avoiding complications. Around 50–80% of patients with AML achieve complete remission, more often in children and patients under the age of 60. This paper aims at emphasizing the importance of thorough oral examination and careful investigations to identify the underlying life-threatening condition.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy after nipple?sparing mastectomy in early postoperative period: Is it feasible?

Background: Axillary lymph node status is one of the most important prognostic factors for breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) after mastectomy is highly controversial. There is not enough data about SLNB in the early period after nipple?sparing mastectomy (NSM). This study investigated the feasibility of SLNB in the early postoperative period of NSM. Materials and Methods: Patients who were operated on for breast cancer in Acibadem Maslak Hospital between 2009 and 2018 were searched retrospectively. Results of SLNB as the second session in patients whose final pathology report revealed breast carcinoma after contralateral/bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and mastectomy for benign lesions were evaluated. Results: In the early period (median 14 days) after NSM, SLNB was performed by intradermal radioisotope injection in five patients with occult breast cancer in contralateral/bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and in one patient with preoperatively suspicious mass which yielded breast cancer at final pathology. In five (80%) patients, SLNB was performed, whereas in one patient axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed due to the undetectability of SLN. In one patient, micrometastasis was observed, whereas no metastasis was observed in other patients including the one who underwent ALND. No complication due to SLNB was detected. No recurrence and distant metastasis were detected in a mean follow?up of 42.82 (19�) months. While SLNB did not change the treatment of patients with contralateral occult carcinoma, other patients had hormonal therapy due to negative SLNB. Conclusion: SLNB in the early postoperative period of NSM can be performed by intradermal radioisotope injection. However, further studies are needed to determine the feasibility of SLNB in the early postoperative period of NSM

Inpatient Decongestive Therapy for Lymphedema in Acute Postsurgical Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Abstract Introduction Head and neck lymphedema is an omnipresent morbidity related to head and neck cancer therapies. Studies on therapy for these patients in the acute postsurgical population have not been published to date. Objective To assess changes in the measurements of lymphedema in surgical head and neck cancer patients during the hospital stay with implementation of modified decongestive therapy (MDT). Methods Patients aged > 18 years undergoing neck dissection with or without primary-site resection or laryngectomy between 2016 and 2019 were included. Facial measurements were obtained prior to beginning MDT and again prior to discharge. A total facial composite measurement was calculated and used to assess change over time. Rates ≥ 2% of change were considered significant. Results A total of 38 patients were included (subsites: larynx = 27; thyroid =4; oral cavity = 3; and neck = 4). The mean number of days between surgery and the start of lymphedema therapy was 3.0 days. The mean number of days between measurements was 5.2 days. Reduction in the total composite score was observed in 37 (97%) patients, and 35 (92%) patients had a total composite reduction score > 2%. Tumor subsite and surgery type did not portend toward greater percent change, except for those patients treated with total laryngectomy, regional flap reconstruction, and neck dissection (p = 0.02). Conclusion Acute postsurgical inpatient MDT was associated with reduced total composite measurements in patients after head and neck surgery. As the first published study on lymphedema therapy in this acute postsurgical period, further prospective case-control studies are warranted to explore further benefits of acute therapy.

Contralateral lymph node metastasis: A rare skip pattern

Neck lymph node metastasis is the most critical factor influencing the survival and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The outcome of patients with lymph node metastases occurring after excision or radiotherapy of the primary tumor is poor. In the absence of ipsilateral nodal metastases, contralateral lymph neck metastasis is extremely rare. Reports of skip metastases have been recorded for lesions of the tongue and floor of the mouth as there is free communication between the two sides of the tongue. Intraoperative frozen sections of neck nodes have been used as a modality for the detection of occult metastases and to guide the extent of neck dissection but have not provided satisfactory results. The case described in this report is a rare phenomenon that demonstrates a well-lateralized clinically advanced buccal mucosa carcinoma with histologically proven node-negative neck but exhibited contralateral positive neck after a span of 1 month.

Application-of-the-proposed-sydney-system-in-reporting-of-the-lymph-node-cytopathology—a-retrospective-study

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a widely accepted first line of investigation to diagnose the cause of lymphadenopathy. A standardized categorization and reporting system for lymph node cytology was proposed in 20th International Congress of Cytology at Sydney which consisted of 5 categories (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5) with management recommendations for each. Aims and Objective: To review the application of the Sydney system in achieving a uniform standardized approach for classifying and reporting lymph node cytology and to assess the risk of malignancy (ROM) for each category. : A 2 year single institute retrospective study. Clinical details were collectedMaterials and Methods from the patient records and cytology smears were reviewed by 2 cyto-pathologists as per the Sydney system. Histological correlation was done wherever possible. Statistical analysis was performed. 437 cases were re-Results: evaluated, with mean age of 39.66 years, slight male preponderance and cervical lymph node being the most common site. L2/Benign was the most common category with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia being the most common diagnosis and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was the most common L5/malignant diagnosis. Histopathological correlation was available for 40 (9.1%) cases and the highest calculated risk of malignancy (ROM) was for L4 and L5 categories (100% each). The diagnostic accuracy of the proposed Sydney system in our study was 96.66%. TheConclusion: proposed Sydney system improves the diagnostic accuracy and standardizes the reporting of lymph node cyto- pathology. It improves the patient care by giving management recommendation to the clinicians.

Detection of micro-metastasis using cytokeratins (AE1/AE3) in haematoxylin & eosin-stained N0 lymph nodes of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background & objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies affecting the head-and-neck region, regional lymph nodes being an important prognostication factor dictating the survival rate. Despite an array of modalities used, clinically, radiographically and routine histopathologically, the detection of micro-metastasis (2-3 mm tumour cell deposits) in the lymph nodes often escapes identification. The presence of few of these tumour epithelial cells in the lymph nodes drastically increases mortality and alters treatment plan. Hence, the identification of these cells is of major prognostic significance for a patient. Thus, the present study was aimed to evaluate and detect the efficacy of the immunohistochemical (IHC) marker [cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3] over routine Hematoxylin & eosin (H & E) staining in detecting micro-metastasis in the lymph nodes of OSCC cases. Methods: Hundred H & E-stained N0 lymph nodes of OSCC cases treated with radical neck dissection were subjected to IHC with marker AE1/AE3 antibody cocktail for detecting micro-metastasis. Results: The IHC marker CK cocktail (AE1/AE3) did not demonstrate any positive reactivity for the target antigen in all the 100 H & E stained lymph node sections evaluated in the present study. Interpretation & conclusions: This study was undertaken to check the efficacy of IHC (CK cocktail AE1/ AE3) in the detection of micro-metastasis in lymph nodes that are found to be negative in routine H&E stained sections. The findings of this study suggest that the IHC marker AE1/AE3 did not prove to be useful to detect micro-metastasis in this study population

Outcomes and bioethical implications of lymphadenectomy in mastectomized patients: Importance and indication of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy / Resultados e implicaciones bioéticas de la linfadenectomía en pacientes mastectomizadas: Importancia y recomendación de biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina guiada por ecografía / Resultados e implicações bioéticas da linfadenectomia em pacientes mastectomizadas: Importância e recomendação da biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina guiada por ultrassom

Introduction: Lymph node involvement is the main prognostic factor in breast cancer. Mastectomized patients usually undergo lymphadenectomy (LA) of micrometastatic sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) despite the evidence of AMAROS trial to replace this therapy with radiotherapy in select cases. Objective: Demonstrate the ability of ultrasonography to detect non-metastatic or micrometastatic SLNs. Materials and methods: 132 patients who underwent mastectomy were evaluated. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was indicated for suspicious lymph nodes. LA and SNL biopsy (SLNB) were performed in patients with positive and negative FNAB, respectively. LA was performed in FNAB positive or SLNB positive cases, except in the presence of isolated tumor cells and micrometastatic SLNs. The tumor burden after LA in patients with negative FNAB and positive SLNB was measured; the presence of two or fewer positive SLNs was considered a low burden. Results: Sensitivity of FNAB for detecting positive lymph nodes in patients with a high tumor burden was 93% and specificity was 84%. Positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 60% and 79%, respectively. Conclusions: LA could have been avoided in 90% of mastectomized patients with negative FNAB and a low tumor burden who met the AMAROS criteria with a high NPV (79%).

Introducción: La afectación ganglionar es el principal factor pronóstico en cáncer de seno. Generalmente, pacientes mastectomizadas se somenten a linfadenectomia (LA) de ganglios linfáticos centinela micrometastásicos (GLCs), a pesar de la evidencia del ensayo AMAROS en ciertos casos para reemplazarla con radioterapia. Objetivo: Demostrar la importancia de la ecografía para detectar GLCs no metastásicos o micrometastásicos. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron132 pacientes sometidas a mastectomía. Se recomendó biopsia aspirativa con aguja fina (BAAF) por ultrasonido para ganglios linfáticos sospechosos. Se realizó Biopsia LA y biopsia de GLCs (BGLC) en pacientes con BAAF positiva y negativa, respectivamente. En casos positivos de BAAF o BGLC se ejecutó LA, excepto en presencia de células tumorales aisladas y GLCs. Se evaluó la carga tumoral posterior a LA en pacientes con BAAF negativa y BGLC positiva. La presencia de dos o menos GLC positivos se consideró carga baja. Resultados: La sensibilidad de BAAF para detectar nódulos linfáticos positivos en pacientes con alta carga tumoral fue del 93%; la especificidad fue del 79%. Valores predictivos positivo (60%) y negativo (79%). Conclusiones: Se podría haber evitado LA en 90% de pacientes mastectomizadas con BAAF negativa y baja carga tumoral que cumplían criterios AMAROS con alto VPN (79%).

Introdução: O comprometimento dos gânglios é o principal fator prognóstico no câncer de mama. Geralmente, pacientes mastectomizadas são submetidas a linfadenectomia (LA) de gânglios linfáticos sentinelas de micrometástases (GLSs), apesar da evidência do estudo AMAROS em certos casos para substituí-la por radioterapia. Objetivo: Demonstrar a importância da ultrassonografia na detecção de GLSs não metastáticos ou micrometástase. Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliadas 132 pacientes submetidas à mastectomia. A biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina (BAAF) ultrassônica foi recomendada para gânglios linfáticos suspeitos. A biópsia LA e a biópsia do GLSs (BGLS) foram realizadas em pacientes com BAAF positivo e negativo, respectivamente. Nos casos positivos de BAAF ou BGLS, a LA foi realizada, exceto na presença de células tumorais isoladas e GLSs. A carga tumoral após a LA foi avaliada em pacientes com BAAF negativa e BGLS positiva. A presença de dois ou menos GLS positivos foi considerada carga baixa. Resultados: A sensibilidade do BAAF para detectar linfonodos positivos em pacientes com alta carga tumoral foi de 93%; a especificidade foi de 79%. Valores preditivos positivos (60%) e negativos (79%). Conclusões: a LA poderia ter sido evitada em 90% das pacientes mastectomizadas com BAAF negativa e baixa carga tumoral que preencheram os critérios AMAROS com alto VPN (79%).

Effect of contrast medium on early detection and analysis of mediastinal lymph nodes in computed tomography

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of contrast-to-noise and signal-to-noise ratios created by the contrast medium in detecting lymph nodes. METHODS: In this study, 57 short-axis subcentimeter lymph nodes in 40 cardiac computed tomography patients with noncontrast- and contrast-enhanced phases were evaluated. The contrast-to-noise ratios and signal-to-noise ratios of noncontrast- and contrast-enhanced lymph node-mediastinal fat and aortic-mediastinal fat tissues were determined. In addition, lymph nodes in noncontrast- and contrast-enhanced series were evaluated subjectively. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in lymph node-mediastinal fat signal-to-noise values between the contrast and noncontrast phases (p=0.0002). In the contrast phase, aortic density values were found to be 322.04±18.51 HU, lymph node density values were 76.41±23.41 HU, and mediastinal adipose tissue density values were −65.73±22.96 HU. Aortic-mediastinal fat contrast-to-noise ratio value was 20.23±6.92 and the lymph node-mediastinal fat contrast-to-noise ratio value was 6.43±2.07. A significant and moderate correlation was observed between aortic-mediastinal fat and lymph node-mediastinal fat contrast-to-noise ratio values in the contrast phase (r=0.605; p<0.001). In the contrast-enhanced series, there was a significant increase in the subjective detection of lymph nodes (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: In the detection of paratracheal lymph nodes, the contrast agent increases the detection of short-axis subcentimeter lymph nodes quantitatively and qualitatively. Contrast enhances and facilitates the detection of paratracheal lymph nodes.

Síndrome hemofagocítico asociado a varicela / Hemofagocytic syndrome associated with varicella

Presentación del caso. Lactante femenina de 14 meses de edad con desarrollo psicomotor normal, sin comórbidos. Con historia de un día de fiebre de 40 °C, intermitente, acompañada de evacuaciones diarreicas y vómitos. Fue llevada por sus padres a una clínica privada sin notar mejoría con el tratamiento médico indicado. Posteriormente, presentó deterioro clínico y fue llevada a un hospital, donde se diagnosticó un síndrome febril agudo, diarrea con deshidratación leve y faringitis. Al cuarto día de evolución inició con máculas y pápulas que progresaron a vesículas y costras. Además, presentó intolerancia a la vía oral, disnea, distensión abdominal, coma y desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico. Intervención terapéutica. Inició el tratamiento con hidratación parenteral, antivirales, esteroides endovenosos y antihistamínicos; se diagnosticó shock séptico con compromiso respiratorio, se proporcionó ventilación mecánica asistida y fue referida al hospital de tercer nivel para atención por medicina crítica. Los estudios reportaron un derrame pleural derecho del 40 % y hepatomegalia. Continuó el tratamiento con antibiótico terapia, hidratación parenteral, antivirales, diuréticos, antipiréticos y hemoderivados, presentó mejoría, continuó el manejo terapéutico. Evolución clínica. El día 18 presentó fiebre, hepatoesplenomegalia, los exámenes reportaron elevación de ferritina, triglicéridos y citopenia se diagnosticó un síndrome hemofagocítico que evolucionó con una falla multisistémica y falleció al siguiente día

Case presentation. A 14-month-old female infant with normal psychomotor development, without comorbidities. With a one-day history of fever of 40 °C, intermittent, accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting. She was taken by her parents to a private clinic without improvement with the indicated medical treatment. Subsequently, she presented clinical deterioration and was taken to a hospital, where she was diagnosed with acute febrile syndrome, diarrhea with mild dehydration, and pharyngitis. On the fourth day of evolution, she started with macules and papules that progressed to vesicles and crusts. In addition, she presented oral intolerance, dyspnea, abdominal distension, coma, and hydro electrolytic imbalance. Therapeutic intervention. She started treatment with parenteral hydration, antivirals, intravenous steroids, and antihistamines; septic shock with respiratory distress was diagnosed, assisted mechanical ventilation was provided, and she was referred to a tertiary hospital for critical care medicine. Studies reported a 40 % right pleural effusion and hepatomegaly. She continued treatment with antibiotic therapy, parenteral hydration, antivirals, diuretics, antipyretics, and hemoderivatives, presented improvement, and continued therapeutic management. Clinical evolution. On day 18 he presented fever and hepatosplenomegaly. Tests reported elevated ferritin, triglycerides, and cytopenia, and was diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome that evolved with multisystemic failure and died the following day